Android 开发入门教程有哪些推荐？

public final  
  class Method extends AccessibleObject implements GenericDeclaration, Member {
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)  
           throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException,  
           InvocationTargetException  
   {  
       ...
       return methodAccessor.invoke(obj, args);  
   }  

  }

// methodAccessor通过ReflectionFactory实例化返回
public class ReflectionFactory {
  public MethodAccessor newMethodAccessor(Method method) {  
        ...

        if (noInflation) {  
            return new MethodAccessorGenerator().  
                generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),  
                               method.getName(),  
                               method.getParameterTypes(),  
                               method.getReturnType(),  
                               method.getExceptionTypes(),  
                               method.getModifiers());  
        } else {  
            NativeMethodAccessorImpl acc =  
                new NativeMethodAccessorImpl(method);  
            DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl res =  
                new DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(acc);  
            acc.setParent(res);  
            return res;  
        }  
    }  
}

// native版本则是直接调用Reflection::invoke_method()
class NativeMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {  

    ...
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)  
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException  
    {  
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()) {  
            MethodAccessorImpl acc = (MethodAccessorImpl)  
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().  
                    generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),  
                                   method.getName(),  
                                   method.getParameterTypes(),  
                                   method.getReturnType(),  
                                   method.getExceptionTypes(),  
                                   method.getModifiers());  
            parent.setDelegate(acc);  
        }  
     
        return invoke0(method, obj, args);  
    }  
     
    ...
     
    private static native Object invoke0(Method m, Object obj, Object[] args);  
}  

// Java版本, 通过MethodAccessorGenerator生成MethodAccessor的实现类
public class GeneratedMethodAccessor1 extends MethodAccessorImpl {      
    ...

    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)     
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException {  
        ...
        try {  
            target.foo(arg0);  
        } catch (Throwable t) {  
            throw new InvocationTargetException(t);  
        }  
    }  
}

public class FieldTrouble extends BaseTestClass {
  public Integer value;

  public static void main(String[] args) {
      FieldTrouble fieldTrouble = new FieldTrouble();
      Class<? extends FieldTrouble> cls = fieldTrouble.getClass();
      ...
      Field value = cls.getField("value");
      // 抛java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
      value.setInt(fieldTrouble, 23);
      ...
  }
}

public class Foo {

  private int get(){
    return 1;
  }
  private class Bar {
    private Bar() {
      System.out.println(get());
    }
  }
}

...
// Synthetic (合成)方法是由编译器产生的、源代码中没有的方法。当内部类与外部类之前有互相访问 private 属性、方法时，编译器会在运行时为调用方创建一个 synthetic 方法。
static int access$000(Foo); //多出来的 synthetic 方法，为了在 Bar 中的这段代码 System.out.println(get());

public void testVarargs(String... args) {
    ...
  }
bride桥接方法, 为了兼容JDK 1.5版本以前的代码

<action name="login"
               class="org.ScZyhSoft.test.action.SimpleLoginAction"
               method="execute">
           <result>/shop/shop-index.jsp</result>
           <result name="error">login.jsp</result>
       </action>
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java.lang.NullPointerException
  at ......
  at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
  at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
  at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
  at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:497)
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@CallSensitive
public Object invoke(Object obj, Object ... args) throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException {
    if (!override) {
        if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
            Class<?> caller = Refelection.getCallerClass();
            checkAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
        }
    }
    MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;
    if (ma == null) {
        ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
    }
    return ma.invoke(obj, args);
}
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@CallerSensitive
    public static native Class<?> getCallerClass();

----------------------------------------------------------


- 在OpenJDK中可以找到getCallerClass方法的JNI入口-Reflection.c

JNIEXPORT jclass JNICALL Java_sun_reflect_Reflection_getCallerClass__
(JNIEnv *env, jclass unused)
{
    return JVM_GetCallerClass(env, JVM_CALLER_DEPTH);
}

----------------------------------------------------------

- JVM_GetCallerClass的源码位于jvm.cpp中

VM_ENTRY(jclass, JVM_GetCallerClass(JNIEnv* env, int depth))
  JVMWrapper("JVM_GetCallerClass");
  // Pre-JDK 8 and early builds of JDK 8 don't have a CallerSensitive annotation; or
  // sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass with a depth parameter is provided
  // temporarily for existing code to use until a replacement API is defined.
  if (SystemDictionary::reflect_CallerSensitive_klass() == NULL || depth != JVM_CALLER_DEPTH) {
    Klass* k = thread->security_get_caller_class(depth);
    return (k == NULL) ? NULL : (jclass) JNIHandles::make_local(env, k->java_mirror());
  }
  // Getting the class of the caller frame.
  //
  // The call stack at this point looks something like this:
  //
  // [0] [ @CallerSensitive public sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass ]
  // [1] [ @CallerSensitive API.method                                   ]
  // [.] [ (skipped intermediate frames)                                 ]
  // [n] [ caller                                                        ]
  vframeStream vfst(thread);
  // Cf. LibraryCallKit::inline_native_Reflection_getCallerClass
  for (int n = 0; !vfst.at_end(); vfst.security_next(), n++) {
    Method* m = vfst.method();
    assert(m != NULL, "sanity");
    switch (n) {
    case 0:
      // This must only be called from Reflection.getCallerClass
      if (m->intrinsic_id() != vmIntrinsics::_getCallerClass) {
        THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "JVM_GetCallerClass must only be called from Reflection.getCallerClass");
      }
      // fall-through
    case 1:
      // Frame 0 and 1 must be caller sensitive.
      if (!m->caller_sensitive()) {
        THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), err_msg("CallerSensitive annotation expected at frame %d", n));
      }
      break;
    default:
      if (!m->is_ignored_by_security_stack_walk()) {
        // We have reached the desired frame; return the holder class.
        return (jclass) JNIHandles::make_local(env, m->method_holder()->java_mirror());
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return NULL;
JVM_END
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volatile Object securityCheckCache;

    void checkAccess(Class<?> caller, Class<?> clazz, Object obj, int modifiers) throws IllegalAccessException {
        if(caller == clazz){    // 快速校验
            return;             // 权限通过校验
        }
        Object cache = securityCheckCache;  // 读取volatile
        Class<?> targetClass = clazz;
        if (obj != null && Modifier.isProtected(modifiers) && ((targetClass = obj.getClass()) != clazz)) {  // 必须匹配caller,targetClass中的一个
            if (cache instanceof Class[]) {
                Class<?>[] cache2 = (Class<?>[]) cache;
                if (cache2[1] == targetClass && cache[0] == caller) {
                    return;     // 校验通过
                }
            }
        } else if (cache == caller) {
            return;             // 校验通过
        }
        slowCheckMemberAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers, targetClass);
    }
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void slowCheckMemberAccess(Class<?> caller, Class<?> clazz, Object obj, int modifiers, Class<?> targetClass) throws IllegalAccessException {
    Refelection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
    // 如果成功,就更新缓存
    Object cache = ((targetClass == clazz) ? caller : new Class<?>[] {caller, targetClass});
    securityCheckCache = cache;
}
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private volatile MethodAccessor methodAccessor;
/**
 * For sharing of MethodAccessors. This branching structure is
 * currently only two levels deep (i.e., one root Method and
 * potentially many Method objects pointing to it.)
 * 
 * If this branching structure would ever contain cycles, deadlocks can
 * occur in annotation code.
 */
private Method  root;
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/**
 * This interface provides the declaration for
 * java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(). Each Method object is
 * configured with a (possibly dynamically-generated) class which
 * implements this interface
 */
 public interface MethodAccessor {
    // Matches specification in {@link java.lang.reflect.Method}
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args) throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException;
 }
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/**
 * NOTE that there is no synchronization used here. 
 * It is correct(though not efficient) to generate more than one MethodAccessor for a given Method.
 * However, avoiding synchronization will probably make the implementation more scalable.
 */

private MethodAccessor acquireMethodAccessor() {
    // First check to see if one has been created yet, and take it if so
    MethodAccessor tmp = null;
    if (root != null)
        tmp = root.getMethodAccessor();
    if (tmp != null) {
        methodAccessor = tmp;
    } else {
        tmp = reflectionFactory.newMethodAccessor(this);
        setMethodAccessor(tmp);
    } 
    return tmp;
}
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/**
 * Reflection factory used by subclasses for creating field,
 * method, and constructor accessors. Note that this is called very early in the bootstrapping process.
 */
static final ReflectionFactory reflectionFactory = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                                                    new sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());
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public class ReflectionFactory {
    private static boolean initted = false;
    private static Permission reflectionFactoryAccessPerm = new RuntimePermission("reflectionFactoryAccess");
    private static ReflectionFactory soleInstance = new ReflectionFactory();
    // Provides access to package-private mechanisms in java.lang.reflect
    private static volatile LangReflectAccess langReflectAccess;

    /**
     * "Inflation" mechanism. Loading bytecodes to implement Method.invoke() and Constructor.
     * newInstance() currently costs 3-4x more than an invocation via native code for the first invocation (though subsequent invocations have been benchmarked to be over 20x faster)
     * Unfortunately this cost increases startup time for certain applications that use reflection intensively (but only once per class) to bootstrap themselves
     * To avoid this penalty we reuse the existing JVM entry points for the first few invocations of Methods and Constructors and then switch to the bytecode-based implementations
     */

    // Package-private to be accessible to NativeMethodAccessorImpl and NativeConstructorAccessorImpl
    private static noInflation = false;
    private static int inflationThreshold = 15;

    // 生成MethodAccessor
    public MethodAccessor newMethodAccessor(Method method) {
        checkInitted();

        if (noInflation && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            return new MethodAccessorGenerator().generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                                         method.getName(),
                                         method.getParameterTypes(),
                                         method.getReturnType(),
                                         method.getExceptionTypes(),
                                         method.getModifiers());
        } else {
            NativeMethodAccessorImpl acc = new NativeMethodAccessorImpl(method);
            DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl res = new DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(acc);
            acc.setParent(res);
            return res;
        }
    }

    /**
     * We have to defer full initialization of this class until after the static initializer is run since java.lang.reflect
     * Method's static initializer (more properly, that for java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject) causes this class's to be run, before the system properties are set up
     */
     private static void checkInitted() {
        if (initted) return;
        AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                public Void run() {
                /**
                 * Tests to ensure the system properties table is fully initialized
                 * This is needed because reflection code is called very early in the initialization process (before command-line arguments have been parsed and therefore these user-settable properties installed
                 * We assume that if System.out is non-null then the System class has been fully initialized and that the bulk of the startup code has been run
                 */
                 if (System.out == null) {
                        // java.lang.System not yet fully initialized
                        return null;
                    }
                    String val = System.getProperty("sun.reflect.noInflation");
                    if (val != null && val.equals("true")) {
                        noInflation = true;
                    }
                    val = System.getProperty("sun.reflect.inflationThreshold");
                    if (val != null) {
                        try {
                            inflationThreshold = Integer.parseInt(val);
                        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("Unable to parse property sun.reflect.inflationThreshold", e);
                        }
                    }
                    initted = true;
                    return null;
                }
            });
    }
}
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/* Delegates its invocation to another MethodAccessorImpl and can change its delegate at run time */
class DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private MethodAccessorImpl delegate;
    DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        setDelegate(delegate);
    }
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        return delegate.invoke(obj, args);
    }
    void setDelegate(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        this.delegate = delegate;
    }
}
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/* Used only for the first few invocations of a Method; afterward,switches to bytecode-based implementation */
class NativeMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private Method method;
    private DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent;
    private int numInvocations;
    NativeMethodAccessorImpl(Method method) {
        this.method = method;
    }
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        /* We can't inflate methods belonging to vm-anonymous classes because that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't be found from the generated bytecode */
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
                && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            MethodAccessorImpl acc = (MethodAccessorImpl)
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                    generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                                   method.getName(),
                                   method.getParameterTypes(),
                                   method.getReturnType(),
                                   method.getExceptionTypes(),
                                   method.getModifiers());
            parent.setDelegate(acc);
        }
        return invoke0(method, obj, args);
    }
    void setParent(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }
    private static native Object invoke0(Method m, Object obj, Object[] args);
}
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/** <P> MagicAccessorImpl (named for parity with FieldAccessorImpl and
    others, not because it actually implements an interface) is a
    marker class in the hierarchy. All subclasses of this class are
    "magically" granted access by the VM to otherwise inaccessible
    fields and methods of other classes. It is used to hold the code
    for dynamically-generated FieldAccessorImpl and MethodAccessorImpl
    subclasses. (Use of the word "unsafe" was avoided in this class's
    name to avoid confusion with {@link sun.misc.Unsafe}.) </P>
    <P> The bug fix for 4486457 also necessitated disabling
    verification for this class and all subclasses, as opposed to just
    SerializationConstructorAccessorImpl and subclasses, to avoid
    having to indicate to the VM which of these dynamically-generated
    stub classes were known to be able to pass the verifier. </P>
    <P> Do not change the name of this class without also changing the
    VM's code. </P> */
class MagicAccessorImpl {
}
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Summary: Improve the security of the JDK’s method-handle implementation by replacing the existing
 hand-maintained list of caller-sensitive methods with a mechanism that accurately identifies
  such methods and allows their callers to be discovered reliably.
/**
 * A method annotated @CallerSensitive is sensitive to its calling class,
 * via {@link sun.reflect.Reflection#getCallerClass Reflection.getCallerClass},
 * or via some equivalent.
 *
 * @author John R. Rose
 */
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({METHOD})
public @interface CallerSensitive {
}
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